What is inside a smartwatch?

A smartwatch fits a lithium-ion cell, a display, a circuit board, sensors and a vibration motor into a case the size of a coin. Every material in it is present in a small amount, so a watch matters to a recycler less for what one of them holds than for its battery, which has to be kept out of the trash and handled safely.1

Drawing of a representative smartwatch, not a specific product, opened on a bedside table with its display lifted off on its flex and laid beside it. Inside the case: the battery, the main board, a linear haptic motor seen through a window (a mass carrying a magnet on springs over a flat coil), a small speaker with its magnet and voice coil, the microphone, the crown and side button. The back lies beside it inside up, with the heart-rate sensors, a ring-shaped alignment magnet and a flat copper charging coil; beside it a magnetic charging puck cut open to show its coil and central alignment magnet.
A representative smartwatch, opened, with its display lifted off and its back laid beside it, inside up. The cell, the main board, the haptic motor and the speaker sit in the case, and a charging puck beside the watch is cut open to show its coil.

Materials in a smartwatch

Main materials
MaterialWhere it sits
AluminumCase, on many models
SteelScrews, brackets and speaker parts
CopperCharging coils and board tracks
Trace materials
MaterialWhere it sits
CobaltCathode of the small cell
GraphiteAnode of the small cell
LithiumCell under the display
TinSolder on the main board
SiliconProcessor and sensor chips
GoldChip and connector contacts
SilverSolder and board finishes
PalladiumCeramic capacitors on the main board
TantalumCapacitors on the main board
TungstenWeight in the haptic motor
Rare earthsHaptic, speaker and alignment magnets
IndiumClear coating on the display
GalliumLEDs of the heart-rate sensor

What a smartwatch of this kind most likely holds. Amounts are given in words, not weights, because content depends on the design.

How a smartwatch is recycled

The cell is sealed in under the display and is not meant to be removed by its owner, so a watch goes whole to a program that accepts devices with batteries inside.2 A recycler separates the cell from the case where it can. Small cells like this typically use a cobalt-based cathode, and they are discharged and shredded with other lithium-ion batteries so that the cobalt and the lithium can be recovered.3 The main board joins other small boards bound for a copper smelter, which recovers their gold, silver and palladium along with the copper.4 The magnets of the haptic motor, the speaker and the charger’s alignment ring are commonly neodymium, though not every watch has a speaker or a magnetic charger. They are tiny, and recovering their rare earths would first require separating those parts from the rest of the watch.56 The indium on the display and the tantalum in the capacitors are among the metals least often recovered from old products.7

More on each stream: precious metals, battery metals, magnet rare earths.

Find it in the games and recycle it

Sources

  1. The Importance of Sending Consumers' Used Lithium-ion Batteries to Electronic Recyclers or Hazardous Waste Collection FacilitiesUS Environmental Protection Agency, Sections "About Lithium-ion Batteries" and "About EPA's Report"
  2. Used Lithium-Ion BatteriesUS EPA
  3. Lithium-Ion Battery RecyclingUS Environmental Protection Agency
  4. Metal Recycling: Opportunities, Limits, InfrastructureUnited Nations Environment Programme, International Resource Panel (2013), Section 3.4.1.4 'Copper and nickel scrap smelting as part of a primary copper smelter' and Figure 42 (printed pages 112 to 113)
  5. Rare earth elements, end use and recyclabilityUSGS
  6. Rare Earth Permanent Magnets: Supply Chain Deep Dive AssessmentUS Department of Energy, Section 2.2.5.1, printed page 20
  7. Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status ReportUnited Nations Environment Programme, International Resource Panel (2011), Appendix F, Table F1 and accompanying text, pp. 35-37 (gallium, indium, tantalum, tungsten); Appendix D, Table D1, p. 31 (tin); main text, p. 18

Reviewed