What is inside a smartwatch?
A smartwatch fits a lithium-ion cell, a display, a circuit board, sensors and a vibration motor into a case the size of a coin. Every material in it is present in a small amount, so a watch matters to a recycler less for what one of them holds than for its battery, which has to be kept out of the trash and handled safely.1
Materials in a smartwatch
| Material | Where it sits |
|---|---|
| Aluminum | Case, on many models |
| Steel | Screws, brackets and speaker parts |
| Copper | Charging coils and board tracks |
| Material | Where it sits |
|---|---|
| Cobalt | Cathode of the small cell |
| Graphite | Anode of the small cell |
| Lithium | Cell under the display |
| Tin | Solder on the main board |
| Silicon | Processor and sensor chips |
| Gold | Chip and connector contacts |
| Silver | Solder and board finishes |
| Palladium | Ceramic capacitors on the main board |
| Tantalum | Capacitors on the main board |
| Tungsten | Weight in the haptic motor |
| Rare earths | Haptic, speaker and alignment magnets |
| Indium | Clear coating on the display |
| Gallium | LEDs of the heart-rate sensor |
What a smartwatch of this kind most likely holds. Amounts are given in words, not weights, because content depends on the design.
How a smartwatch is recycled
The cell is sealed in under the display and is not meant to be removed by its owner, so a watch goes whole to a program that accepts devices with batteries inside.2 A recycler separates the cell from the case where it can. Small cells like this typically use a cobalt-based cathode, and they are discharged and shredded with other lithium-ion batteries so that the cobalt and the lithium can be recovered.3 The main board joins other small boards bound for a copper smelter, which recovers their gold, silver and palladium along with the copper.4 The magnets of the haptic motor, the speaker and the charger’s alignment ring are commonly neodymium, though not every watch has a speaker or a magnetic charger. They are tiny, and recovering their rare earths would first require separating those parts from the rest of the watch.56 The indium on the display and the tantalum in the capacitors are among the metals least often recovered from old products.7
More on each stream: precious metals, battery metals, magnet rare earths.
Find it in the games and recycle it
- Mine the houseSmartwatch (main bedroom)
- Sort the device wallSmartwatch (personal electronics)
- Find a recycling program near youCheck what the program accepts before you go.
Sources
- The Importance of Sending Consumers' Used Lithium-ion Batteries to Electronic Recyclers or Hazardous Waste Collection FacilitiesUS Environmental Protection Agency, Sections "About Lithium-ion Batteries" and "About EPA's Report"
- Used Lithium-Ion BatteriesUS EPA
- Lithium-Ion Battery RecyclingUS Environmental Protection Agency
- Metal Recycling: Opportunities, Limits, InfrastructureUnited Nations Environment Programme, International Resource Panel (2013), Section 3.4.1.4 'Copper and nickel scrap smelting as part of a primary copper smelter' and Figure 42 (printed pages 112 to 113)
- Rare earth elements, end use and recyclabilityUSGS
- Rare Earth Permanent Magnets: Supply Chain Deep Dive AssessmentUS Department of Energy, Section 2.2.5.1, printed page 20
- Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status ReportUnited Nations Environment Programme, International Resource Panel (2011), Appendix F, Table F1 and accompanying text, pp. 35-37 (gallium, indium, tantalum, tungsten); Appendix D, Table D1, p. 31 (tin); main text, p. 18
Reviewed